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Crumbs

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Crumbs

Etymology Edit

From Middle English crumme . cromme . crume . crome . from Old English cruma ?( “ crumb, fragment ” ), from Proto-Germanic *krumo . *krumo ?( “ fragment, crumb ” ), from Proto-Indo-European *gru-mo- ?( “ something scraped together, lumber, junk; to claw, scratch ” ), from *ger- ?( “ to turn, bend, twist, wind ” ). The b is excrescent, as in limb and climb ; and appeared in the mid 15th century to match crumble and words like dumb. numb. thumb. Cognate with Dutch kruim ?( “ crumb ” ), Low German Krome . Krume ?( “ crumb ” ), German Krume ?( “ crumb ” ), Danish krumme ?( “ crumb ” ), Swedish dialectal krumma ?( “ crumb ” ), Swedish inkram ?( “ crumbs, giblets ” ), Icelandic krumur ?( “ crumb ” ), Latin grumus ?( “ a little heap ” ).

crumb ?(third-person singular simple present crumbs . present participle crumbing . simple past and past participle crumbed )

Äðóãèå ñòàòüè, îáçîðû ïðîãðàìì, íîâîñòè

Crumb - definition of crumb in English from the Oxford dictionary

More example sentences
    It is that multinational corporations and the rich create wealth and he can then take crumbs from their table to distribute to the huddled masses. At this year's summit they decided to drop some crumbs from their table by way of throwing some dollars at the world's trouble-spots. Glasgow should not be embarrassed about taking the crumbs from the capital 's table. Get more examples

Old English cruma. of Germanic origin; related to Dutch kruim and German Krume. The final -b was added in the 16th century, perhaps from crumble but also influenced by words such as dumb. where the original final -b is retained although no longer pronounced.

The word crumb did not always have a b at the end: this was added in the 16th century, influenced partly by the related word crumble (Late Middle English) and partly by words like dumb and thumb, where the ‘b’ was silent. The dated exclamation crumbs is a euphemism for ‘Christ’ and dates from the late 19th century. Crummy (mid 19th century), now meaning ‘unpleasant’ and ‘in poor condition’, was originally spelled crumby and meant ‘crumbly’ or ‘covered in crumbs’.

Cook s Thesaurus: Crumbs

cornbread crumbs = corn bread crumbs = crumbled cornbread = crumbled corn bread Notes: This is used to bread or stuff poultry and fish. Packaged cornbread crumbs are available in the baking supplies section of many supermarkets, or you can make your own by crumbling cooled cornbread. Substitutes: breadcrumbs

cornflake crumbs = crushed cornflakes Equivalents: 3 cups whole cornflakes = 1 cup crushed Notes: This is used as a colorful breading for meat and fish, and as a topping for casseroles. You can buy cornflakes already crushed, or buy whole cornflakes and crush them yourself. To make your own: Put cornflakes in a plastic bag and crush using a rolling pin. Three cups of whole cornflakes yield one cup of cornflake crumbs. Substitutes: breadcrumbs (dry and fine) OR panko OR cornmeal OR cracker meal OR melba toast (crushed and tossed with oil) OR other breakfast cereal flakes (crushed) OR corn chips (crushed) OR coating mix OR pretzels (crushed)

Crumbs - ýòî

Crumbs ýòî: Ñìîòðåòü ÷òî òàêîå "Crumbs" â äðóãèõ ñëîâàðÿõ:

CRUMBS — is an improvisational theatre duo based in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. The comedy duo formed in Winnipeg in 1997 and has since toured the world. They have toured in Europe more than any other improv act. The duo consists of two actors, Stephen… … Wikipedia

crumbs — [kr?mz] interjection BrE old fashioned used to express surprise … Dictionary of contemporary English

Crumbs — For other uses, see Crumb (disambiguation). Crumbs Format Sitcom Created by Marco Pennette Starring Fred Savage … Wikipedia

crumbs — interj. exclamation of surprise or astonishment krE?m n. bit, particle, morsel; soft inner part of bread v. break into crumbs, crumble; remove crumbs; coat with crumbs … English contemporary dictionary

Crumbs — Style Elements Style Elements est une compagnie de break dance originaire de Californie. Membres Crumbs Remind Poe One Super Dave Stuntman Flave Ronnie Ruen Jayrawk Gonz Boogie T Fire Bas 1 Quali D Portail du hip hop … Wikipedia en Francais

crumbs — Mild expression of shock or regret. I left my keys at home. Crumbs … Dictionary of american slang

crumbs — Mild expression of shock or regret. I left my keys at home. Crumbs … Dictionary of american slang

crumbs — Drosophila gene involved in epithelial development. Gene product contains 26 repeats of the EGF like domain … Dictionary of molecular biology

crumbs — interjection an expression of mild surprise … Wiktionary

crumbs — exclamation Brit. informal used to express dismay or surprise. Origin C19: euphemism for Christ … English new terms dictionary

crumbs — interjection BrE informal used to express surprise … Longman dictionary of contemporary English

Crumbs

Look at other dictionaries:

CRUMBS — is an improvisational theatre duo based in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. The comedy duo formed in Winnipeg in 1997 and has since toured the world. They have toured in Europe more than any other improv act. The duo consists of two actors, Stephen… … Wikipedia

crumbs — [kr?mz] interjection BrE old fashioned used to express surprise … Dictionary of contemporary English

Crumbs — For other uses, see Crumb (disambiguation). Crumbs Format Sitcom Created by Marco Pennette Starring Fred Savage … Wikipedia

crumbs — interj. exclamation of surprise or astonishment krE?m n. bit, particle, morsel; soft inner part of bread v. break into crumbs, crumble; remove crumbs; coat with crumbs … English contemporary dictionary

Crumbs — Style Elements Style Elements est une compagnie de break dance originaire de Californie. Membres Crumbs Remind Poe One Super Dave Stuntman Flave Ronnie Ruen Jayrawk Gonz Boogie T Fire Bas 1 Quali D Portail du hip hop … Wikipedia en Francais

crumbs — Mild expression of shock or regret. I left my keys at home. Crumbs … Dictionary of american slang

crumbs — Mild expression of shock or regret. I left my keys at home. Crumbs … Dictionary of american slang

crumbs — Drosophila gene involved in epithelial development. Gene product contains 26 repeats of the EGF like domain … Dictionary of molecular biology

crumbs — interjection an expression of mild surprise … Wiktionary

crumbs — exclamation Brit. informal used to express dismay or surprise. Origin C19: euphemism for Christ … English new terms dictionary

crumbs — interjection BrE informal used to express surprise … Longman dictionary of contemporary English

Topical Bible: Crumbs

. crumb. Word Origin from a prim. word psix (a crumb) Definition a crumb

(of bread) NASB Word Usage crumbs (2). crumb. Diminutive .

//strongsnumbers.com/greek2/5589.htm - 6k

Strong's Hebrew

5350. niqqud -- perhaps what is crumbled or easily crumbles .

. perhaps what is crumbled or easily crumbles, crumbs. Transliteration: niqqud or

niqqud Phonetic Spelling: (nik-kood') Short Definition: crumbled. .

. All the crumbs that fall on the floor he picks up, and seems eager for them, but

. she obtains an answer, which reproaches her with baseness of birth and exhibits

. "Truth, Lord," she answered, "yet the dogs eat of the crumbs which fall from . They

of the crumbs that are falling from their lords' table;' (YLT). .

/f/falling.htm - 36k

Bible Concordance

Crumbs (8 Occurrences)

Matthew 15:27 But she said, "Yes, Lord, but even the dogs eat the crumbs which fall from their masters' table."

(WEB KJV ASV DBY YLT NAS RSV NIV)

Mark 7:28 But she answered him, "Yes, Lord. Yet even the dogs under the table eat the children's crumbs ."

(WEB KJV ASV DBY YLT NAS RSV NIV)

Luke 16:21 and desiring to be fed with the crumbs that fell from the rich man's table. Yes, even the dogs came and licked his sores.

(WEB KJV ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS)

Joshua 9:5 and old and patched shoes upon their feet, and old garments upon them; and all the bread of their provision was dry and was become mouldy.

(See JPS YLT)

Joshua 9:12 This our bread we took hot for our provision out of our houses on the day we came forth to go unto you; but now, behold, it is dry, and is become mouldy:

(See JPS YLT)

1 Kings 14:3 and thou hast taken in thy hand ten loaves, and crumbs. and a bottle of honey, and hast gone in unto him; he doth declare to thee what becometh of the youth.'

Psalms 147:17 He casteth forth his ice like morsels: Who can stand before his cold?

Ezekiel 13:19 And ye have profaned me among my people for handfuls of barley and for pieces of bread, to slay the souls that should not die, and to save the souls alive that should not live, by your lying to my people that hearken unto lies.

How To Make Bread Crumbs > Start Cooking

How To Make Bread Crumbs
posted in Pantry by Kathy Maister

Bread Crumbs are just that – crumbled bread. Bread crumbs can be used in a variety of ways. They can be used as a filler in things like meatloaf. as a coating for fried food like home-made fish fingers. pork chops, goat cheese. eggplant Parmesan or chicken cutlets. or as a topping to a baked casserole .

If you’re reading a recipe, watch out for whether it calls for “dry” or “fresh” breadcrumbs; the two are not interchangeable! You can buy dry bread crumbs at the grocery store (which I always do) but you have to make your own fresh bread crumbs. You can freeze fresh bread crumbs, just be sure to date the freezer bag and use the crumbs within two months of freezing.

I always have a box of dry breadcrumbs in the cupboard. I particularly like the seasoned variety.

Fresh bread crumbs are really a snap to make! You can use any bread you have in the house.

There are basically three ways to make bread crumbs;

  • with a knife
  • with a food processor,
  • or with a blender

As you would expect, the food processor and the blender make really fine, uniform crumbs that are just perfect. But if you don’t own either of these pieces of equipment, a knife will work just fine.

Fresh bread crumbs made from slices of white bread need the crusts trimmed off first.

With a bread knife. cut the bread up into crumbs. If the bread is really soft just let it sit on the counter to dry out for a bit, and it should then be easy to cut into crumbs. Try to cut the bread as fine as possible.

Approximately 4 slices of bread will make one cup of crumbs.

Onion rolls make great, already seasoned, fresh bread crumbs. One big roll will make about 2 cups of fresh crumbs. A food processor makes perfect fresh bread crumbs in about 30 seconds.

You can also use a blender to make fresh breadcrumbs. While the motor is running add small chunks of the bread through the hole in the cover of the blender. Don’t over-fill the blender!

“Panko” bread crumbs are a Japanese version of dry bread crumbs that were once only available in Asian markets but you can now get them at the grocery store.

These dry bread crumbs are very light and SUPER crunchy. The Whole Foods grocery store in my neighborhood sells spinach flavored ones as well.

You can flavor your own dry or fresh unseasoned bread crumbs with different spices and herbs as well as cheese. The recipe below is one of my favorites that I have used for a topping over baked fish .

Seasoned panko bread crumbs:

Makes 1 1/3 cups

Crumb toppings or coatings can actually be made from a variety of foods. Corn flakes, potato chips, saltines or Ritz crackers can add a crunchy topping to almost any casserole, but that’s another day!

If you are new to startcooking, or are a regular visitor here, please consider subscribing for free .

Ïàòåíò US6162481 - Breading crumbs - Google Ïàòåíòû

This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/204,987 filed Mar. 2, 1994 now abandoned.

BACKGROUND

The present invention relates to improved breading crumbs for food coating systems which provide coated food products with improved texture, including improved crispness, better holding of crispness under food-heating lights or in holding ovens, and better maintenance of crispness under freezer and refrigerator conditions.

Fried battered and breaded food products including as the substrate fish, seafood, poultry, red meat, vegetables, fruit, cereal-based products and nuts are popular for their crisp texture and golden brown appearance. Such coated food products generally comprise a food substrate to which a variety of combinations of coating materials is applied. The coating materials include tempura or cohesion batters, adhesion batters, predust, and breading crumbs. Depending on the substrate and the organoleptic properties desired, such coating materials may be applied in specific combinations, including, for example, batter and breading crumbs; adhesion batter, breading crumbs, adhesion batter, and breading crumbs; batter, breading crumbs and adhesion batter; predust, adhesion batter and breading crumbs; cohesion batter, predust, adhesion batter and breading crumbs; and batter, predust and batter.

The coated food products, which may be raw, fully cooked, or partially cooked, are frozen or refrigerated for distribution to retail and fast food outlets. The frozen or refrigerated coated food product may be cooked for consumption by any desired procedure, such as by baking, deep fat frying, pan frying or microwaving.

Unfortunately, much of the desirable crispy texture and golden brown appearance is lost, particularly in a fast-food environment, where the coated food product is fried or baked and then held for a period of time, whether under food-heating lights, in a heated holding cabinet, on a steam table, or otherwise. In addition, storage under frozen or refrigerated conditions or under conditions where freeze-thaw cycles may be encountered also reduces the crispness of the cooked products.

Finally, it is generally desirable to improve the organoleptic properties of coated food products, whether fried or otherwise prepared for consumption. The present invention is directed to breading crumbs which provide such improvement, including improved crispness.

The present invention relates to novel breading crumbs for food coating systems, to the resulting novel coated food products themselves and to methods used in the manufacture of such breading crumbs and coated food products.

In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a breading crumb having incorporated therein, about 1 to 10 wt % of at least one heat-set protein and up to 3 wt % added fat, based on the breading crumb weight. Such breading crumbs will be referred to hereinafter as being baked-in. Thus, in accordance with another, preferred aspect of the invention at least 1 wt % of the protein will be incorporated into the crumb and the balance will be coated onto the surface of such baked-in crumb. In a particularly preferred embodiment the level of heat-set protein will be in the range of about 2 to 5 wt % and roughly one-half thereof will be baked-in and one-half coated onto the surface of the baked-in crumb.

The heat-set protein is a casein derivative, such as sodium caseinate, calcium caseinate, or potassium caseinate, or it may be soy protein concentrate or soy protein isolate. Sodium caseinate is the preferred heat-set protein used in the practice of this invention.

The novel breading crumb provided herein may be used as is, as a breading crumb, either dried to a moisture content less than about 12 wt % or in a moist condition. Preferably, such a breading crumb is in the form of an Oriental-style breading crumb of low density, sized so that at least about 15 wt % of the crumbs is retained on an 8 mesh screen. Alternatively, the novel breading crumb may be comminuted to a smaller size for use as: 1) a predust, 2) a batter component or, 3) a flour breader. In a particularly preferred embodiment, a predust formed from the breading crumb of the invention is first applied to a food substrate, followed by a batter coating and then a coating of the breading crumb itself.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the present invention will become better understood with reference to the following description, appended claims, and accompanying drawings where:

FIG. 1 is a flow diagram depicting a preferred method of the present invention.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

In FIG. 1, there is shown a flow diagram illustrating a procedure for forming the novel breading crumb products of the invention. As discussed above, the present invention involves two embodiments, one in which a heat-set protein is baked-in the crumb and another preferred embodiment, in which the heat-set protein is not only baked-in the crumb but also coated onto its surface.

In preparing the breading crumbs, the dry dough-forming ingredients are first mixed together and powdered sodium caseinate or other heat-set protein is incorporated into the dry mixture, which then is formed into a dough. Alternatively, an aqueous dispersion of the heat-set protein may be mixed into the dough. The dough then is baked, preferably following dough stretching as in U.S. Pat. No. 4,423,078, and the dough is wet sized to provide wet-sized breading crumbs. In yet another alternative approach, an aqueous dispersion of the heat-set protein may be coated onto the surface of previously formed crumbs and drawn into the crumb using a vacuum/tumbling method as discussed below.

Wet-sized breading crumbs may have a coating solution of the protein directly applied prior to or during drying to form coated, baked-in crumb or, alternatively, the baked-in wet-sized breading crumbs first are dried, the coating dispersion is applied and the breading crumbs are dried again to provide baked-in coated crumbs. As noted above, it is preferred to apply the coating solution to the wet-sized baked-in breading crumbs in view of the improved texture obtained thereby. Coated wet-sized crumbs may be employed as such, without a drying step.

The breading crumbs resulting from this procedure may be used directly as a breading crumb for foods intended for frying, baking, or microwaving for reconstitution for consumption. Alternatively, the crumb may be comminuted to form a breading crumb of smaller size or fine particles for use as a predust to the coating of a foodstuff, a batter ingredient for the coating, or as a flour breading.

The type of crumb employed affects the textural properties of the novel breading crumbs of the invention, as explained below. Accordingly, the crumb type should be chosen depending on the textural properties sought to be achieved in the coated food product.

For example, one type of crumb which may be employed is an extruded crumb which is fully expanded and porous, and thus will absorb coating substances and bond well with coating systems and materials in the overall coating system. This contributes to textural holding properties in the coated food product.

Alternatively, an extruded crumb having a high degree of gelatinization which has not been permitted to expand and hence is denser may be used. This crumb is harder and hence crunchier which also leads to improved properties on holding. The density of the crumb can be varied as desired, by employing appropriate die configuration, processing conditions, extruder configuration and components used in forming the crumb.

In another approach, a low absorption crumb, such as is made on a sheeted line, may be used to permit the coating to form a good envelope around this denser and more uniform crumb. A porous homestyle crumb, such as is made on a sheeted line or on a loaf line, also may be used. The latter crumb may be yeast leavened and/or chemical leavened and/or leavened by gas addition.

A fully yeast-leavened crumb, prepared by conventional means or on a continuous kneader, may also be used. The crumb made in this process will produce other unique absorption and textural properties in the coated food product.

Oriental-style breading crumbs with their elongate coarse splintered structure are preferred as the breading crumb. Such breading crumbs generally are characterized by low density, usually with a bulk density of about 0.20 to about 0.40 g/cc, preferably about 0.23 to about 0.36 g/cc, and are coarse, usually sized so that at least about 15 wt % of the crumbs is retained on an 8-mesh screen. One preferred particle size distribution is as follows:

The crumbs employed herein preferably are prepared as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,423,078, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Breading crumbs produced by such procedure and preferably employed herein are characterized by an amylograph of the following characteristics:

The amylograph is determined on a Brabender Amylograph unit using 60 g of breading crumbs ground to pass a 30-mesh screen but to be retained on an 80-mesh screen, added to 450 ml of water with a bowl speed of 75 rpm and a sensing head value of 700 cmg.

The Oriental-style breading crumbs may be produced by forming a leavened dough from bread-forming ingredients, forming a tow from the dough, stretching the tow to about 3 to about 8 times its length to effect elongation of the pores within the leavened dough, baking the stretched dough while retaining the dough in its stretched condition, comminuting the dough to form the breading particles, and drying the comminuted particles to the desired moisture level, generally below about 12 wt %.

In forming the novel breading crumbs herein, the heat-set protein is incorporated into the breading crumb-forming operation at a convenient juncture, depending on the final form of the crumb. For example, the protein may be baked-in the crumb by adding it in dry form to dry mix components from which the dough is formed or by incorporating a dispersion of the protein into the dough prior to stretching and baking the dough. The protein may be added to the dough as an aqueous dispersion which has a protein concentration, based on the dry weight of the protein, of about 5 to 20 wt %, and preferably about 10 to 20 wt %.

When, in the preferred embodiment, the heat-set protein is also provided as a coating on the baked-in crumb, an aqueous protein dispersion may be applied to the crumb while it is still moist, prior to or during the drying step. Alternatively, in a less preferred embodiment, the protein dispersion may be applied to dried baked-in crumbs which then may be redried. In either case, it is preferred that the dispersion have a protein concentration of about 10 to 20 wt %.

The initial bread-forming ingredients used in making the breading crumb may comprise any of the components conventionally used in bread-making and itemized under the Standards of Identity, FDA Regulations 21 C.F.R. 136.110 to 0.180 inclusive. The basic components of any dough are flour and water, the term "flour" including farinaceous flours used alone or in combination with other flours and meals, such as the permitted materials outlined in 21 C.F.R. 137.105 to 0.350 inclusive, as well as those of legumes, rye, sorghum and rice. Usually a major proportion of the flour comprises hard wheat flour.

Varying amounts of dough-forming components may be used, usually including sugar, salt and vegetable shortening in varying proportions, depending on the characteristics desired in the product and the flour used. Other bread-forming components which may be used include oxidizing, maturing and improving agents, such as potassium bromate, azodicarbonamide, cysteine hydrochloride and ascorbic acid. Yeast, and amylolytic and proteolytic enzymes also may be included, to modify texture and flavor in the product. Emulsifiers and cell-wall improvers may be used as well. While it is preferred that no fat be added, there may be up to 3 wt % added fat in the bread-forming ingredients used in making the breading crumb.

Leavening of the dough may be effected utilizing any convenient leavening agent, which may be a chemical leavening agent or gaseous material, such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen, air, or mixtures of gases, alone or in combination with chemical leavening using gas-producing leavening chemicals. Such chemical leavening agents include a combination of sodium bicarbonate and sodium aluminum phosphate or a combination of sodium bicarbonate and monocalcium phosphate or a combination of sodium bicarbonate and sodium acid pyrophosphate.

Yeast leavening may be used but is less preferred since longer holding times are required, thereby increasing equipment space requirements. The presence of more than small quantities of salt tends to inhibit the leavening effect of yeast. Where leavening is effected using gaseous materials, more than the usual small quantities of salt may be used, enabling variations in flavor to be achieved.

Further, where leavening is effected using gaseous materials, alone or in combination with chemical leavening, or with chemical leavening alone, yeast, however, may be used as a flavor enhancer in the dough.

The various proportions of dough-forming ingredients used to form the dough depend on the properties desired, the flour used and also on the nature and choice of components. One suitable composition of ingredients, exclusive of water, which may be utilized in this invention as a dry mix includes:

In addition, one or more of the following optional components may be present, based on the weight of flour:

Another suitable composition of ingredients also useful as a dry mix in this invention, utilizing a mixture of flours, may comprise:

In addition, one or more of the following optional components may be present in the latter dry mix, based on the weight of flour:

Flavor-enhancing and texture-modifying premixes or brews may be used to improve texture, flavor, fry tolerance and structure of the product and to provide a wide variety of properties.

The flavor-enhancing and texture-modifying pre-mixes include enzyme systems which are used in a concentrated brew along with a minor proportion, usually less than about 20%. by weight, of the total proportion of flour used and a major proportion, usually about 50 to 80% by weight, of the inlet moisture. The brew is fermented for a short period of time, typically up to about 2 hours at about 32°-41° C. during which time the amylases and proteases have sufficient time to modify the flour and provide a desired texture and other properties in the final product.

A brew mix which may be used in this way contains, based on total flour in the overall dough-forming composition:

The above-described brew mix, after completion of the fermenting period, is used in this embodiment of the invention in association with such additional water as may be required to provide the desired overall moisture content and with a dry mix comprising, by weight of total flour in the overall dough-forming composition:

This dry mix may also contain optional ingredients, based on total flour in the overall dough-forming composition, namely:

The dough-forming ingredients are mixed together to form a dough.

As noted above, the key component of the novel breading crumbs of the invention is the heat-set protein incorporated into the breading crumb and optionally also coated onto the baked-in crumb.

The heat-set protein may be a derivative of casein, such as sodium caseinate, calcium caseinate, potassium caseinate, or it may be soy protein concentrate or soy protein isolate. Sodium caseinate is preferred. As already noted, depending on the form of the crumb, the heat-set protein can be used in the form of an aqueous dispersion or it may be dry mixed with dough-forming components that form the baked-in crumb.

A wetting agent, chosen for example from among propylene glycol, lecithin, mono- and di-glycerides and their derivatives may be used to improve protein penetration.

Gums also may be employed along with the heat-set protein, either baked-in or coated onto the crumb. Useful gums include Gellan (a microorganism derivative available from Kelco of San Diego, Calif.), gum arabic, xanthan gum, alginates and guar gum.

Various conventional methods may be employed for coating the baked-in crumb, depending on the nature of the crumb and the protein used.

For example, the protein dispersion may be sprayed onto dry crumb followed by drying the coated crumb. Alternatively, the dispersion may be applied to wet crumb and then crumb and coating dried. Another procedure which may be employed involves spraying dry crumb with a solvent such as water or oil, dusting on dry sodium caseinate or other heat-set protein and then drying the coated crumb.

The baked-in crumb may itself be prepared by coating a crumb with the heat-set protein dispersion under vacuum to enhance absorption of the heat-set protein into the internal pore structure of the crumb. A tumbler may be used to which the heat-set protein is introduced. A vacuum is pulled and tumbling or ultimate contact is continued for a period of time, following which release of the vacuum causes the coating material to be absorbed deeply into the crumb structure. By varying the nature of the crumb and the degree of vacuum and other processing conditions, the textural properties of the crumb may be modified and a tailored product can be formed for use in a particular coating system.

The breading crumb provided herein may be employed as is, as a breading component. Alternatively, the breading crumb may be ground to different fine particle sizes corresponding to a predust for application to or to a flour for use as a batter component or as a flour breader applied to a batter-coated substrate in lieu of or in combination with crumbs. In the predust, the particles will have less than about 5 wt % coarser than 16 mesh and up to about 40 wt % passing an 80 mesh screen. In the flour, 100% of the particles will pass through an 80 mesh screen.

A coating system applied to a food product may comprise a single baked-in and optionally coated crumb product or a plurality of different crumbs and crumb products which are combined in the coating system in, eg. the coating (crumbs) and the batter (flour). The use of more than one crumb product in a coating system may be tailored to the specific application, to provide the desired properties.

As noted previously, a food product coating system may comprise various combinations of predust, batters and breading crumbs and any of the various combinations described above may be employed herein with a variety of food substrates, including fish, seafood, poultry, red meat, cheese, vegetables, fruit, cereal-based products and nuts. Following application of the coating components, the food substrate may be at least partially fried to set the batter coating or coatings, usually at a temperature of about 150° to about 230° C. for about 15 to about 60 seconds, or optionally fully cooked, such as in an air impingement oven.

The food product may be fully cooked and consumed or may be stored under refrigeration, usually at about 3° to 7° C. or frozen, usually at a temperature of about -18° to -40° C. for later consumption. When desired, the refrigerated or frozen product may be reconstituted and/or fully cooked for eating, usually by frying, oven baking or microwaving.

The novel breading crumbs provided in accordance with the present invention impart an improved textural quality to food products prepared in this way, both in terms of initial preparation and on holding for later consumption. In addition, the improved textural quality is obtained in refrigerated and frozen food products and in food products subjected to freeze-thaw cycle conditions. Further, when the novel breading crumbs are used as the outer layer and predust formed from the breading crumbs also is employed, then a particularly outstanding improvement in properties is obtained. Finally, the presence of the heat-set protein baked-in and optionally coated onto the breading crumbs when the preferred Oriental-style breading crumbs are used leads to an improvement in machinability of the bread crumbs, arising from an improved durability and a lesser tendency to fracture during breading operations.

A typical adhesion batter formulation which may be employed with the breading crumbs may comprise the following components, expressed in percentage by weight of the dry mixture:

The batter is prepared by mixing the dry ingredients and combining them with water, with the ratio by weight of water to dry ingredients generally ranging from about 2:1 to about 1:1, and preferably about 1.25:1.

The following examples illustrate various facets of the invention. It should be understood, however, that these examples are meant to be illustrative of the invention which is not intended to be limited thereto.

EXAMPLES Example 1

This Example illustrates the preparation of an Oriental-style breading crumb with a heat-set protein baked-in the crumb.

The following ingredients were blended together:

The blended ingredients were processed through a Wenger X-25 single screw extruder under the following conditions:

Formula, dry weight: 540 Kg/hr

Vinegar, 200 grain: 16.2 L/hr

Water: 174 L/hr

A tow of formed dough from the extruder was stretched about 5 times and cooked in a Cober continuous microwave tunnel with 10 kilowatts of microwave power at 2450 MHz at a rate of about 2 kilograms per minute. The tow exiting the extruder had a good, strong, extensible characteristic, better than a tow without the addition of sodium caseinate, which resulted in a pronounced enhanced elongate appearance in the finished product.

The cooked tow was then maintained under ambient conditions, after which the tow was shredded in a Mikawa mill to a particle size distribution to pass through a 5 mesh screen and at least 15 percent passes an 8 mesh screen and dried to a moisture content of about 9 to 11 wt % in a forced air Proctor and Shwartz batch dryer at 121° C.

The breading crumb produced by this procedure was evaluated against a breading crumb produced by the same procedure without the addition of sodium caseinate. In the evaluation, chicken strips first were predusted with a standard fine commodity breading and a flour and starch adhesion batter. The battered chicken strips then were coated by the breading crumbs and par-fried at 199° C. for 30 seconds. The resulting breaded chicken fingers were frozen and stored.

For evaluation purposes, the chicken fingers were baked in a conventional oven at 204° C. for 15 to 20 minutes until an internal product temperature of 75° C. was reached. A trained sensory panel selected the breaded chicken fingers prepared using the breading crumb incorporating sodium caseinate as having a crisper, crunchier texture than the breaded chicken fingers prepared using the breading crumb not containing sodium caseinate.

The procedure of Example 1 was repeated, but with the addition of 0. 1% (100 g) of xanthan gum to the batch. The tow obtained from the extrusion in this case was very soft and velvety, with excellent extensibility, which provided an exceptional splinter appearance in the finished product.

The procedure of Example 1 again was repeated, but with the addition of 0.5w (500 g) of gum arabic to the batch. The tow from this extrusion was soft and velvety, with very good extensibility. This tow produced a very good splinter appearance in the finished product.

The breading crumbs produced in Examples 2 and 3 were evaluated against breading crumb produced by the same procedure but without the addition of the sodium caseinate or gum, in the same manner as described in Example 1. A trained panel selected the crumbs prepared as in Example 3 as having a crisp and tender texture while crumbs prepared as in Example 2 were rated as being crisp and somewhat tender.

This Example illustrates the provision of an improvement in organoleptic properties by the utilization of both baked-in breading crumbs and predust formed from such breading crumbs.

The results described below would be obtained with coatings applied to a variety of food substrates, including fish nuggets, fish portions and chicken tenders, as follows. The food products would be subjected to an initial preparation, as follows:

A variety of coating materials would be applied to the food substrate, including a cohesion batter, an adhesion batter, a predust and a breading crumb. These materials would be formulated as follows:

The procedures and coating sequences employed to coat the various food substrates would be as follows:

These coated food products would be subjected to par frying directly after the coating steps at 177° to 202° C. for 30 to 35 seconds. For freezing, the par-fried food products would be placed on wire racks and held in a blast freezer for approximately 30 to 40 minutes and then packaged and stored in a conventional freezer until evaluation time.

The coated and par-fried food products would be reconstituted for consumption by oven cooking at 218° C. for appropriate periods of time, namely 14 minutes for fish nuggets, 15 minutes for chicken tenders and 20 minutes for fish portions. The reconstituted food products would be held for 10 minutes after cooking at room temperature and then evaluated for textural qualities by a trained panel after such holding period in terms of enhanced organoleptic properties, with results as set forth in the following Table:

As may be seen from this Table, food products coated with both predust and crumb prepared in accordance with the invention would exhibit significantly improved textural properties when compared to the predust alone or outer breading crumb alone.

This Example illustrates the textural qualities of food products upon freezer storage and freeze-thaw cycling.

In this example, 3.0 kg sample of Oriental-style breading crumbs would be treated under vacuum with 900 g of a 10 wt % dispersion of sodium caseinate in water to provide a coating of 30 g of sodium caseinate solids per kg of breading crumbs (3 wt %) in a rotating coating kettle. The crumbs would be allowed to mix for 3 minutes and then spread on a stainless steel drying tray and dried in a forced air oven at a temperature of 121° to 135° C.

These baked-in breading crumbs as well as Oriental-style breading crumbs which were untreated would be used to coat frozen chicken strips and frozen moisture-enhanced chicken strips, as described below. Moisture-enhanced chicken strips would be obtained by tumbling the chicken strips first for 30 minutes with water and salt to achieve a 20 wt % pickup of water (based on the weight of chicken strips) and a 1 wt % pickup of salt (based on the weight of chicken strips and water). The moisture-enhanced chicken strips would then be frozen.

Freeze-Thaw tests:

Twelve frozen moisture-enhanced chicken strips would be placed on a tray at room temperature and allowed to thaw until tacky (about 10 minutes). The chicken strips would then be predusted with a fine breading, dipped in an adhesion batter and then breaded with the untreated Oriental-style breading crumbs. The coated chicken strips would then be parfried at approximately 199° C. for 30 seconds and refrozen. The coating and par-frying steps would be repeated on twelve additional frozen moisture-enhanced chicken strips using the Oriental-style breading crumbs treated with sodium caseinate and prepared as described above.

The control and test chicken strips would be arranged one deep on a tray and the tray put into a plastic bag and twist-tied closed. Both trays would be placed in a freezer for two days. The chicken strips would then be subjected to three freeze/thaw cycles, wherein the trays were thawed in a refrigerator at 2° C. for 8 hours and then refrozen and left for 40 hours.

The chicken strips would then be cooked by baking in an oven at a temperature of approximately 204° C. until an internal temperature of about 77° C. was reached, after approximately 20 to 25 minutes, and by frying in a deep fryer at a temperature of about 182° C. until an internal temperature of about 77° C. was reached after approximately 4 to 5 minutes.

The cooked chicken strips would then be evaluated for textural qualities by a trained panel. In the case of both the oven-baked and the deep-fried chicken strips, the chicken strips with treated crumb would have better freeze-thaw stability of organoleptic qualities than the chicken strips with untreated crumb.

Freeze Storage Tests:

Twelve plain frozen chicken strips would be dipped in a cohesion batter and then breaded with untreated Oriental-style breading crumbs. The coated chicken strips would then be parfried at about 199° C. for 30 seconds and refrozen. The procedure would be repeated using the sodium caseinate baked into Oriental-style breading crumbs to produce twelve additional coated chicken strips. In addition, duplicate sets of samples of each of the treated and untreated crumbs would be prepared.

The four groups of frozen breaded chicken strips would be placed in a freezer at about -20° C. and evaluated after 2 days of freezer storage and after 14 days of freezer storage. Each group of frozen breaded chicken strips would be cooked by baking in an oven at a temperature of about 204° C. until an internal temperature of about 77° C. was reached after approximately 20 to 25 minutes and by frying in a deep fryer at a temperature of about 182° C. until an internal temperature of about 77° C. was reached after 4 to 5 minutes.

In all cases, the chicken strips prepared with the treated Oriental-style breading crumbs would have better frozen storage stability of organoleptic properties than chicken strips prepared with untreated Oriental-style breading crumbs.

This example illustrates how protein concentration could affect the textural properties of a battered and breaded product.

Two dispersions of sodium caseinate in water (10% by weight sodium caseinate) would be prepared using water at either 10° C. or 66° C. A third dispersion containing 17.5% by weight sodium caseinate in water would be prepared using 70° C. water and held for 4 hours. The dispersions would then be sprayed onto baked-in Oriental-type breading crumbs (prepared as in Example 1) in a rotating tumbler at a rate to deliver 3% wt sodium caseinate on the crumb. The coated crumbs would be mixed for 3 minutes and then spread onto a stainless steel drying sheet and dried at 121-135° C.

Chicken strips would then be prepared to evaluate the crumbs in a manner identical to that described in Example 3, except for the final breading which was either one of the three sodium caseinate-coated baked-in crumbs or uncoated Oriental-style breading (used as a control). Coated chicken strips would be parfried at about 1990C for about 30 seconds and frozen.

After two days of frozen storage the chicken strips would be baked-in an oven at 204° C. until an internal temperature of about 77° C. was reached. The cooked chicken strips would then be evaluated for texture by an experienced texture panel.

All chicken strips breaded with coated crumbs would be crisper and/or crunchier than chicken strips breaded with uncoated crumbs. The chicken strips coated with crumbs prepared from the 17.5% sodium caseinate dispersion would be the crispiest and most desirable. The products coated with crumbs prepared from the 10% sodium caseinate dispersion coating would be crisp and very acceptable, but not to the same degree as the crumbs prepared with the 17.5% sodium caseinate.

The results outlined in the example indicate the range of textures that can be achieved by manipulating the concentration of the protein dispersion.

While particular embodiments of the invention have been shown and described, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention and, therefore, it is intended in the appended claims to cover all such changes and modifications which fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention.