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Dissolving table salt in water.
In chemistry. a solution is a combination of two or more substances to form a homogeneous mixture. The medium that dissolves the other substance is called the solvent ; the substance that become dissolved is called the solute. The materials mixed together can be in the solid. liquid. or gaseous states.
Water is a common solvent that can dissolve many other substances. Thus a solution is produced when a solid such as table salt or sugar is dissolved in water. Also, gases such as carbon dioxide and oxygen can be dissolved in water. In addition, liquids may dissolve in other liquids, and gases in other gases. Alloys are examples of solid solutions.
If the solute and solvent exist in equal quantities, such as a 50:50 mixture of ethanol and water, the concepts of "solute" and "solvent" become less relevant. In such a case, the substance that is more often used as a solvent may be designated as the solvent—in this example, it would be water.
The atmosphere is a gaseous solution. It consists of nitrogen, oxygen, argon, carbon dioxide, water, methane, and some other minor components.
Solutions are homogeneous mixtures. The major component is called solvent. and the minor components are called solute. If both components in a solution are 50%, the term solute can be assigned to either component. When gas or solid material dissolve in a liquid, the gas or solid material is called the solute. When two liquids dissolve in each other, the major component is called the solvent and the minor component is called the solute
Many chemical reactions are carried out in solutions, and solutions are also closely related to our every day lives. The air we breathe, the liquids we drink, and the fluids in our body are all solutions. Furthermore, we are surrounded by solutions such as the air and waters (in rivers, lakes and oceans).
On topic of solutions, we include the following sections.Solving problems of solution stoichiometry requies the concepts introduced in stoichiometry. which also provides the basis for the discussion on reactions.
Types of SolutionsAt the molecular level, molecules and ions of a solute are completely mixed with and interact with those of the solvent when a solute dissolves in a solvent. This type of mixing is homogeneous because no boundary is visible in the entire solution. In a mixture, differences may exist between regions or parts of the whole system.
Material exists in three states: solid, liquid, and gas. Solutions exist in all these states:The maximum amount of a substance dissolved in a given volume of solvent is called solubility. Often, the solubility in water is expressed in gram/100 mL. For example, the solubilities of some common substances are given in the Table of Solubility. which is also listed in the HandbookMenu as Solubility.
A solution reached the maximum solubility is called a saturated solution. Often, another phase such as gas, liquid, or solid of the solute is present and in contact with in the solution. In general, there is no net change in the amount of solute dissolved, but the system is by no means static. In fact, the solute is constantly being dissolved and deposited at equal rate. Such a phenomenon is called equilibrium.
In case another phase is not present, a solution may be unsaturated or supersaturated. Yes, due to what can be attributed to a kinetic factor, a solution may stay supersaturated for a long time. When promoted by a seed, a solution may start to precipitate quickly. Sodium acetate has a very high solubility at say 270 K. In fact, it can dissolve in the water of crystallization similar to melting. When cooled, such a solution stay in a meta-stable state. When a seeding crystal is present or started due to surface of another medium, the entire solution will solidify. During the crystallization process, heat is evolved, and the solution becomes warm. Thus, such a solution, when properly packaged, has been used as hand warmer packs for skiers.
One useful classification of materials is polarity. Substances such as H2. O2. N2. CH4. CCl4 etc are called non-polar compounds. whereas H2 O, NH3. CH3 OH, NO, CO, HCl, H2 S, PH3 etc are called polar compounds. Regarding solubility, a useful rule is
Like dissolves like. Polar materials dissolve polar materials whereas non-polar materials will mix and become true solutions. An additional factor to consider is the hydrogen bonding. For example, ethanol and water are completely miscible at any proportion due to the extensive hydrogen bonding among their molecules.
Electrolytes or ionic substances are soluble in water due to hydration. Due to the strong polarity of the water molecule, the positive and negative ions are pushed apart. In general, reasonable size ions are believed to have six water molecules around them, but these water molecules readily exchange with those in the medium.
There are many applications of this rule. On the small scale, personal hygiene and household cleaning requires various types of cleaning agents. As a challenge is the research and development of cleaning agents in industry, where you can find jobs or hire experts to do the R&D.
Other factor such as temperature and pressure also affects the solubility of a solvent. Thus, in specifying solubility, one should be aware of the factors.
Properties of SolutionsProperties of a solution are very different from those of pure forms of its components. For example, only pure water freezes or solidifies at 273 K, and boils at 373 K. Freezing point of the ocean water is lower. Would you expect the boiling point of a salt solution to be lower? Actually, it's higher!
In Canada, we use a solution of equal volumes of ethylene glycol and water as the engine coolant, because such a solution will not freeze until the temperature drops to really low. What is the proper mixture to use? Are you using your antifreeze properly? Deicing of airplane wings in the winter is also an interesting application of solutions, so is the use of salt on icy road.
A quantitative study of the physical properties of solutions is usually given in a course in thermodynamics. and we only mention some of the applications here just to raise your awareness of the solution.
Confidence Building ProblemsMilk may appear to be a homogeneous mixture to the unaided eye, but the tiny oil and protein droplets in the system make milk appear as white. Actually, milk is a colloid. a term explained in the Glossary within the Handbook Menu.
Distinguish a solution from a mixture.
Define and illustrate the terms solvent and solute.
The impurities in ice are ignored in the spirit of this problem.
Describe solid, liquid, and gas solutions.
Describe and illustrate saturated and unsaturated solutions.
Applies To: CRM 2016 on-prem, CRM Online
Use your mouse and keyboard when working with customization tools in the solution explorer. This part of the application isn’t optimized for touch.
As you select each node, you can see a list of the solution components. The actions available in the command bar will change depending on the context of the node you have selected and if the solution is the default solution or a managed solution. With unmanaged solutions that are not the default solution, you can use the Add Existing command to bring in solution components that aren’t already in the solution.
With managed solutions there will be no commands available and you’ll see the message:
You can’t directly edit the components within a managed solution. If the managed properties for solution components are set to allow customizations, you can edit them in the Customizations area or from another unmanaged solution.
You’ll need to locate the solution component in the default solution and try to edit it there or add it to another unmanaged solution that you’ve created. The solution component might not be customizable. More information: Managed Properties
Many of the customizations you’ll want to do will involve entities. You can expand the Entities node to show a list of all the entities in the system that can be customized in some way. You can further expand each entity to see the solutions components that are part of the entity as shown with the account entity in the following screenshot:
For details about customizing the individual solution components found in the solution explorer, see the following topics:
Usually, the substance present in a greatest amount is considered as the solvent. Solvents can be gases, liquids, or solids. The solution that forms has the same physical state as the solvent. Solute may also be gases, liquids, or solids.
If the solvent is a gas. only gases are dissolved. An example for a gaseous solution is air (oxygen and other gases dissolved in nitrogen). Since interactions between molecules play almost no role, dilute gases form rather trivial solutions. In part of the literature, they are not even classified as solutions, but addressed as mixtures .
If the solvent is a liquid. gases, liquids, and solids can be dissolved. Examples are:
Body fluids are examples for complex liquid solutions, containing many different solutes. They are electrolytes since they contain solute ions (e.g. potassium and sodium). Furthermore, they contain solute molecules like sugar and urea. Oxygen and carbon dioxide are also essential components of blood chemistry, where significant changes in their concentrations can be a sign of illness or injury.
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