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English irregular verbs
The English language has a large number of irregular verb s. In the great majority of these, the past participle and/or past tense is not formed according to the usual patterns of English regular verbs. Other parts of the verb — such as the present 3rd person singular "-s" or "-es", and present participle "-ing" — may still be formed regularly.
Among the exceptions are the verb "to be" and certain defective verb s which cannot be conjugated into certain tenses.
Most English irregular verbs are native, originating in Old English (an exception being 'catch' from Old North French 'cachier'.) They also tend to be the most commonly used verbs. The ten most commonly used verbs in English are all irregular.
Steven Pinker 's book " Words and Rules " discusses how mistakes made by children in learning irregular verbs throw light on the mental processes involved in language acquisition.
All loanwords from foreign languages are regular, as are verbs that have been recently coined and all nouns used as verbs use standard suffixes. Almost all of the least commonly used words are also regular, even though some of them may have been irregular in the past.
Most irregular verbs exist as remnants of historical conjugation systems. What is today an exception actually followed a set, normal rule long ago. When that rule fell into disuse, some verbs kept the old conjugation. An example of this is the word "kept", which before the Great Vowel Shift fell into a class of words where the vowel in "keep" (then pronounced kehp) was shortened in the past tense. Similar words, such as "peep", that arose after the Vowel Shift, use the regular -ed suffix. Groups of irregular verbs include:
*The remaining strong verbs. which display the vowel shift called ablaut and sometimes have a past participle in "-en" or "-n": e.g. "ride/rode/ridden". This verb group was inherited from the parent Proto-Germanic language. and ultimately from the Proto-Indo-European language. and was originally an entirely regular system. In Old English and in modern German it is still more or less regular, but in modern English the system of strong verb classes has almost entirely collapsed. For the history of these, see the article Germanic strong verb .
*Weak verbs that have been subjected to sound changes over the course of the history of English that have rendered them irregular. Many of these acquired a long vowel in the present stem, but kept a short vowel in the preterite and past participle; e.g. "hear/heard/heard".
*Weak verbs that show the vowel shift are sometimes called "Ruckumlaut" in the present tense e.g. "think/thought". On these, see the articles Germanic umlaut and Germanic weak verb .
*Weak verbs that end in a final "-t" or "-d" that made the addition of the weak suffix "-ed" seem redundant; e.g. "cost/cost/cost".
*A handful of surviving preterite present verbs. These can be distinguished from the rest because their third person simple present singular (the "he, she, or it" form) does not take a final "-s". These are the remnants of what was once a large Indo-European class of verbs that were conjugated in the preterite or perfect tense with present tense meaning. All of the surviving verbs of this class are modal verbs, that is, a class of auxiliary verb s or quasi-auxiliaries; e.g. "can/could/could".
*Verbs that contain suppletive forms, which form one or more of their tenses from an entirely different root. "Be " is one of these, as is "go/went/gone" (where "went" is originally from the verb "to wend"). On the history of their paradigms, see: go (verb) and Indo-European copula .
Other verbs have been changed due to ease of pronunciation so that it is shorter or more closely corresponds to how it is spelt.
*A number of verbs whose irregularity is chiefly due to the peculiarities of English spelling ; e.g. "lay/laid/laid".
*Past tense ending "-ed" written phonetically when devoiced to "-t"; e.g. "burn/burnt/burnt" (which also has a regular conjugation with a [d] pronunciation).
*Weak verbs that have been the subject of contractions; e.g. "have/had/had".
There are fewer strong verbs and irregular verbs in modern English than there were in Old English. Slowly over time, the number of irregular verbs is decreasing. The force of analogy tends to reduce the number of irregular verbs over time. This fact explains the reason that irregular verbs tend to be the most commonly used ones; verbs that are more rarely heard are more likely to switch to being regular. For instance, a verb like "ablate" was once irregular, but today "ablated" is the standard usage. Today irregular and standard forms often coexist, a sign that the irregular form may be on the wane. For instance, seeing "spelled" instead of "spelt" or "strived" instead of "strove" is very common.
On the other hand, contraction and sound changes can increase their number. Most of the strong verbs were regular, in that they fell into a conventional plan of conjugation, in Old English; there are so few of them left in contemporary English that they seem irregular to us.
Common irregularities
Common patterns of irregularity in the past tense include:
* Change the vowel to IPAEng|?? (the THOUGHT vowel), orthographically represented by "ough" or "augh", e.g.
** "beseech" > "besought" (now somewhat archaic; alternates with more recent regular form "beseeched")
** "bring" > "brought"
** "buy" > "bought"
** "catch" > "caught"
** "seek" > "sought"
** "teach" > "taught"
* Change the vowel to IPAEng|o? (the GOAT vowel or "long O"), orthographically represented by "o" with a word-final "e", e.g.
** "bear" > "bore" (borne or rarely born with the instance Jaqueline was born)** "break" > "broke"
These verbs are usually regular in American English: burn, dream, kneel, lean, leap, learn, misspell, smell, spell, spill, spoil. They form the Simple Past and the Past Participle by adding the ending -ed.
(Эти глаголы обычно правильные в американском английском: burn, dream, kneel, lean, leap, learn, misspell, smell, spell, spill, spoil. Они образуют простое прошедшее время и причастие прошедшего времени, присоединяя окончание -ed.)
burn – burned – burned;
dream – dreamed – dreamed;
kneel – kneeled – kneeled;
lean – leaned – leaned;
leap – leaped – leaped;
learn – learned – learned;
misspell – misspelled – misspelled;
smell – smelled – smelled;
spell – spelled – spelled;
spill – spilled – spilled;
spoil – spoiled – spoiled.
The following forms are more common in BrE than in AmE: burnt, dreamt, knelt, leant, leapt, learnt, misspelt, smelt, spelt, spilt, spoilt; betted, fitted, quitted.
(Следующие формы более распространены в BrE, чем в AmE: burnt, dreamt, knelt, leant, leapt, learnt, misspelt, smelt, spelt, spilt, spoilt; betted, fitted, quitted.)
Forms of the verb "get": BrE, mostly get – got – got; AmE, mostly get – got – gotten. (Формы глагола "get": BrE, в основном get – got – got; AmE, в основном get – got – gotten.)
Note 2: Variants of formsIf there are variants of forms, always check the dictionary. Generally, the first variant in the dictionary is the most common. In a number of cases there may be preferences in usage or differences in meaning between variants of forms. For example:
(Если есть варианты форм, всегда проверяйте их по словарю. Обычно, первый вариант в словаре – самый распространенный. В ряде случаев могут быть предпочтения в употреблении или разница в значении между вариантами форм. Например:)
shown, showed
The form "shown" for the past participle (has shown, had shown) is more common than the form "showed" (has showed, had showed). Only the form "shown" is used in the passive: This film has been shown on TV several times.
(Форма "shown" для причастия прошедшего времени (has shown, had shown) более употребительна, чем форма "showed" (has showed, had showed). Только форма "shown" употребляется в пассиве: Этот фильм был показан по телевидению несколько раз.)
bid: He bid three hundred dollars for the painting. (Он предложил цену в триста долларов за эту картину.)
bid / bade: He bid her good morning. (Он сказал ей доброе утро. / Он пожелал ей доброго утра.) She bade farewell to them. (Она попрощалась с ними.)
born, borne
born: He was born in London. (Он родился / был рождён в Лондоне.) She was born in 1960. (Она родилась в 1960 г.)
borne: She has borne two children. (Она родила двух детей.)
borne: The bodies of the deceased were borne into the church. (Тела умерших внесли в церковь.)
hung, hanged
hung: He hung his coat on a hook. (Он повесил своё пальто на крючок.) The picture was hung too high. (Картину повесили слишком высоко.)
hanged: They hanged the captives. (Они повесили пленных.) He was hanged for his crimes. (Его повесили / Он был казнён через повешение за его преступления.)
shone, shined
shone: His face shone with happiness. (Его лицо сияло от счастья.)
shined: He shined his shoes yesterday. (Он начистил / отполировал свои туфли до блеска вчера.)
Note 3: PronunciationNote the differences in the pronunciation of the vowel sound in the forms of the following verbs: (Обратите внимание на различия в произношении гласного звука в формах следующих глаголов:)
deal [di:l] – dealt [delt];
dream [dri:m] – dreamed [dri:md], dreamt [dremt];
lean [li:n] – leaned [li:nd], leant [lent];
leap [li:p] – leaped [li:pt], leapt [lept], [li:pt];
mean [mi:n] – meant [ment];
plead [pli:d] – pleaded ['pli:did], plead [pled];
read [ri:d] – read [red].
Note the same pronunciation of the following verb forms: (Обратите внимание на одинаковое произношение следующих глагольных форм:)
sow [sou] – sowed [soud] – sown [soun]; sew [sou] – sewed [soud] – sewn [soun].
The most common meanings of these irregular verbs are shown with sample phrases of the verbs in use. Where more then one meaning is given, the most common meaning of the group is shown with an *. Synonyms and antonyms are also given where possible.
A note about studying irregular verbs.The standard format of the English irregular verb table has been around a long time. Typically, a four-column table: infinitive, past simple and past participle and then a one word translation in the fourth column. Teachers ask their students to study the irregular verb forms and learn them for a test such as fill in the gaps eg. AWAKE - AWOKE - _________.
One problem with this system is that very uncommon verbs are usually included in the list. Verbs that elementary students will never need to use. Many of the most uncommon irregular verbs have been omitted here.
Secondly, too much emphasis is placed on learning the verb forms of long lists of irregular verbs and very little is learnt about how to use these verbs. Many irregular verbs have several meanings and are used in special idiomatic sentence structures. There are then a huge number of phrasal verbs (few are included here at the moment) that combine with irregular verbs.
Students are recommended to concentrate study on the meanings and sentence structures of these verbs, for example, as shown in this fourth column - much more extended than in standard irregular verb tables. As the student notes down more sample uses of these verbs, the verb forms will soon be assimilated without any separate study on form.
18. The children________ in the lake in the afternoon.( swim )
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Below is a list of things Dana
wanted to do yesterday. 
next to it. Look at the list.Fill in the things she did and didn't do .
As strange as it sounds, most people “study” English for years and years, but because of their laziness or lack of interest, they still never remember the irregular verbs.
Practice your English and meet new people in the Real Life English facebook community
Knowing a lot of verbs and being able to conjugate them is a huge step in achieving English fluency. Most English learners feel that it’s impossible to learn all the irregular verbs and be able to conjugate them, but if suck it up (act as if it’s no problem) and set a strong goal to learn, you’ll see that it’s not as difficult as you think.
In my previous article, Secrets to Learning English Grammar. I showed you an easy way to practice and learn all verb conjugations in English, and how to make it a simple everyday habit. In this article, I’m going to show you how to learn all of those “difficult to conjugate irregular verbs” in a variety of easy and stress-free ways.
It’s time to forget about those boring textbooks and use these new innovative ways to learn irregular verbs with some of the best, and most interesting, activities the internet had to offer.
Learn English with Rap: Fluency MCI’d like to introduce you to Fluency MC. the English teaching superstar. Fluency MC has been developing new and innovative ways to teach English for many years now, and he does it all with his flowing rap skills.
Fluency MC has some amazing youtube videos that are going to blow you away (really impress you ). On his youtube channel, which you can access here. Fluency MC teaches a huge range of English vocabulary with easy to remember rap songs.
Check out this awesome video, and remember the famous three R’s: RELAX, REPEAT and REMEMBER.
Easily Memorize the Irregular Verbs With Many ThingsOn the subject of music, “Many Things” is another interesting site that focuses on learning the irregular verbs easily with a fun, musical exercise.
This method of learning the verbs here is also a repetitive exercise using music, similar to Fluency MC. This website separates all the irregular verbs into four different song groups that are aimed at memorizing the verbs with a listen and repeat exercise.
The best part about these songs is that they give you a space in to repeat each verb after the main speaker has said them. The first song starts off quite slow but each song becomes faster and faster.
The most effective way to use these four irregular verb songs is by downloading the mp3 from the site, put them on to an mp3 player of some kind and listen and repeat all of the verbs in your spare time. In your car, at work, when you’re cleaning the house, whenever you can.
Learn English in 5 Minutes with Espresso English
If you are looking for a more formalized approach, although it’s also very cool, then you have to take a look at Espresso English.
Here you will find a very detailed explanation of the irregular verbs, and they are all separated into different sound categories. This is one of the best resources I have found online that not only teaches you the conjugations, but you will also learn a lot about pronunciation.
This online guide starts with a short video describing all the different categories in which the irregular verbs have been separated. Then, below the video you will see all these categories separated into different sound groups with and audio tracks to help you with the pronunciation.
This is a must see website for learners of all levels. Check it out here
Test your memory with QuizletIf you a looking for a more informal way to practice, that will also test your memory, Quizlet offers a fun way learn the irregular conjugations using flashcards.
On this website you gradually go through the irregular verbs, either in alphabetical order or on shuffle mode. On the top right side of the page you have the option of seeing both sides of the flashcards (all conjugations), or just one side (past and past participle conjugations).
Another awesome thing about this site is that it also offers an audio function so you can listen and repeat to help your pronunciation.
Save this website to your favorites right now and start using it in any spare moment you have during your busy day.
Learn and have fun with the Macmillan Dictionary Verb Wheel GameWhen you’re feeling a little bored and don’t want to take such a serious approach to learning the irregular verbs, this game is perfect for you. Just press the play button and the game will begin.
The wheel starts to spin and you’ll have two minutes to get as many answers correct as possible. The wheel will stop on a verb and then several boxes will appear with all the conjugations of that verb. The game will then give you a verb tense, e.g. the past simple, and you have to choose the right conjugation for that verb tense to gain points.
After your two minutes are up (finished ), the game will show you your accumulated score and give you the option to play again to try to beat that score.
Put down the play station controller for just a few minutes and have fun learning with the verb wheel game.
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Don’t be fooled into thinking that learning irregular verbs is too hard! Many of my students become very resistant when I start teaching them the regular verbs, don’t let this happen to you.
Most people think that learning these grammatical parts of a language are always boring and really difficult, but the truth is that without a little creativity and diverse thinking, everything is going to be boring.
If you want to spice up (make more interesting ) the way you’re learning English, sign up to the Real Life English mailing lis t where you will receive all of our latest news, get lots of great tips, and learn more about making the learning process a fun and a natural part of your life.
Список неправильных английских глаголов. Irregular verbs with pronunciation
Неправильные глаголы английского языка - это очень важная часть грамматики. Правила построения второй и третьей форм глаголов в английском языке довольно просты и, как правило, ни у кого трудностей не вызывают. Но, к сожалению, из этого простого правила есть исключение. Этим исключением и есть неправильные глаголы. Бывает так, что исключения встречаются довольно редко, поэтому ими часто можно пренебречь (или, как минимум, отложить на потом). Но это не наш случай. Потому что глаголы, которые находятся в списке неправильных, очень часто употребляются в английской речи. Приведем только некоторые из них: be (быть), do (делать), drink (пить), sleep (спать), eat (есть) и другие. Как видите, это действительно глаголы, которые часто используются в повседневной речи. Значит для того, чтобы грамотно изъясняться на английском языке, вам придется выучить три формы неправильных английских глаголов. Всего в английском языке встречается более 300 irregular verbs (неправильных глаголов). Но есть и хорошая новость - около 100 неправильных глаголов употребляются в 90% случаев. Таким образом, для начинающих достаточно выучить эти основные неправильные глаголы в английском, а затем постепенно пополнять свои знания другими, менее распространенными.
Кроме того, вы сможете выполнять упражнения. которые помогут быстрее выучить irregular verbs. Есть режим простого просмотра, когда приведен глагол и его формы, а также перевод. Режимы, когда вы видите две формы, а надо написать недостающую третью форму. Ну и самое сложное задание, когда дан неправильный глагол, а нужно написать вторую и третью формы. Надеемся, что на сайт поможет в изучении неправильных английских глаголов.
Читайте статьи по неправильным глаголам английского языка на нашем блоге:
I have already published several posts on irregular verbs: and . However, a week ago a student of mine contacted me and asked me if I could create a way for him to learn the irregular verbs. He spends a lot of time driving so he asked me to prepare something to listen to in his car. So I did. In this post there are 33 irregular verbs presented in an associative matrix, in mp3 for listening, in mp3 for learning and two games for practising them.
Irregular verbs – learningHere you can find two ways to learn the irregular verbs. I have tried both and both work. The first one is called associative learning and you should write two words in your mother tongue under each verb. The words should be similar to the English words and at the same time they should emphasize the differences between the forms. For example Drive – Dr, Iveta DROVE – Dr. ovce, DRIVEN – Dri, venku. Create your own associations and you will see that you will know the verbs quickly.
Irregular verbs – Listen and learn Irregular verbs – gamesBy Richard Nordquist. Grammar & Composition Expert
Richard Nordquist, Ph.D. in English, is professor emeritus of rhetoric and English at Armstrong Atlantic State University and the author of two grammar and composition textbooks for college freshmen, Writing Exercises (Macmillan) and Passages: A Writer's Guide (St. Martin's Press). Richard has served as the About.com Guide to Grammar & Composition since 2006. Read more
Updated September 01, 2015.
DefinitionA verb that does not follow the usual rules for verb forms. Also known as a strong verb .
Examples and Observations(Ted Ownby, American Dreams in Mississippi. University of North Carolina Press, 1999)
(Bo Links, Riverbank Tweed and Roadmap Jenkins. Simon & Schuster, 2001)
Continue Reading Below
(George H. Devol, Forty Years a Gambler on the Mississippi. 1887)
(Muriel Spark, Memento Mori. 1959)
"At first glance irregular verbs would seem to have no reason to live. Why should language have forms that are just cussed exceptions to a rule.
"Irregular forms are just words. If our language faculty has a knack for memorizing words, it should have no inhibitions about memorizing past-tense forms at the same time. These are the verbs we call irregular, and they are a mere 180 additions to a mental lexicon that already numbers in the tens or hundreds of thousands."
(Steven Pinker, Words and Rules. Basic, 1999)
- "[I]rregular verbs. derive from the Old English period. At that time they were called strong and weak verbs respectively. Strong verbs formed their past tense and past participle with an ablaut or vowel gradation (a means of marking different functions of a word by varying the vowel sound in its base ). Weak verbs formed their past tense and past participle with an inflectional suffix. that is, a <-d > or <-t > suffix. With the loss of inflections during the Middle English period, all new verbs took on the weak verb formation with an <-ed > or <-t > in past forms. This weak formation soon became the norm for what we now refer to as English regular verbs; strong verbs became irregular verbs."
(Bernard O'Dwyer, Modern English Structures. 2nd ed. Broadview Press, 2006)
- "In Old English there were over 300 [irregular verbs] (Baugh and Cable 1978), which fell into seven relatively clear-cut classes; in modern English there are roughly half that number, in classes which overlap and have deviant internal groups, and in addition, a number of weak verbs have joined the class of irregular verbs. The Comprehensive Grammar of English (1985) presents seven classes of irregular verbs, five of them with subgroups. The total membership of the modern irregular verb system is a question of criteria, depending on whether you include i) verbs which are conjugated both regularly and irregularly
iii) verbs which fall into the category of 'old-fashioned' or 'archaic ' English To provide maximum help--and to avoid prejudging such issues--the Comprehensive Grammar (QGLS) presents a list of 267 irregular verbs, but it shrinks to about 150 if you apply all three criteria just mentioned."
(Pam Peters, "American and British Influence in Australian Verb Morphology." Creating and Using English Language Corpora. ed. by Udo Fries et al. Rodopi, 1994)
"Do irregular verbs have a future? At first glance, the prospects do not seem good. Old English had more than twice as many irregular verbs as we do today. As some of the verbs became less common, like cleave-clove, abide-abode. and geld-gelt. children failed to memorize their irregular forms and applied the -ed rule instead (just as today children are apt to say winded and speaked ). The irregular forms were doomed for these children's children and for all subsequent generations (though some of the dead irregulars have left souvenirs among the English adjectives. like cloven, cleft, shod, gilt. and pent ).
"Not only is the irregular class losing members by emigration, it is not gaining new ones by immigration. When new verbs enter English via onomatopoeia (to ding, to ping ), borrowings from other languages (deride and succumb from Latin), and conversions from nouns (fly out ), the regular rule has first dibs on them. The language ends up with dinged, pinged, derided, succumbed. and flied out. not dang, pang, derode, succame. or flew out .
"But many of the irregulars can sleep securely, for they have two things on their side. One is their sheer frequency in the language. The ten commonest verbs in English (be, have, do, say, make, go, take, come, see. and get ) are all irregular, and about 70% of the time we use a verb, it is an irregular verb. And children have a wondrous capacity for memorizing words; they pick up a new one every two hours, accumulating 60,000 by high school. Eighty irregulars are common enough that children use them before they learn to read, and I predict they will stay in the language indefinitely."
(Steven Pinker, quoted by Lewis Burke Frumkes in Favorite Words of Famous People. Marion Street Press, 2011)
"The magazine Ozwords published by the Australian National Dictionary Centre has confirmed something that I've suspected for some time--snuck as the past tense of sneak is now more usual than sneaked. It is always good news to hear of a successful new strong verb in English.
"Fewer than 60 of the original 350 strong verbs remain--and even this very small number includes many rather dodgy ones like glide/glode, beseech/besaught, cleave/cleft/cloven, beget/begat/begotten, chide/chid/chidden, slay/slew/slain and smite/smote/smitten. Hardly part of a Modern English speaker's active vocabulary. So you can see that a new strong verb like sneak/snuck is a cause for celebration--that is, if you are worried about the extinction of forms like glide/glode ."
(Kate Burridge, Gift of the Gob: Morsels of English Language History. HarperCollins Australia, 2011)
"A boy who swims may say he swum ,
But milk is skimmed and seldom skum,
And nails you trim; they are not trum.
"When words you speak. these words are spoken ,
But a nose is tweaked and can't be twoken.
And what you seek is seldom soken.
"If we forget. then we've forgotten ,
But things we wet are never wotten,
And houses let cannot be lotten.
